Obtener energía y cubrir nuestras necesidades energéticas sin afectar el planeta es posible. Hablemos sobre qué es la energía verde.
Algunos estudios recientes que abordan la problemática del cambio climático, apuntan que este fenómeno ha ido en incremento mucho más rápido de lo esperado, por lo que la demanda de acciones que lo mitiguen deben ir al mismo ritmo. En ello, el consumo energético y la energía verde podrían contribuir.
Energía fósil
La energía es un elemento central para desarrollar la forma en la que vivimos. Basta con voltear a nuestro alrededor y ver que casi todo lo que se utiliza requiere de energía: smartphones, computadoras, Internet, automóviles, electrodomésticos, un sinfín de productos que utilizamos en nuestra vida.
Generalmente, cuando se piensa en energía se asocia con dos nombres: Tomas Alva Edison y Nikola Tesla, hombres que contribuyeron a construir la energía eléctrica como hoy la conocemos. Sin embargo, para muchas personas es común prender y encender el apagador y automáticamente tener energía eléctrica, pero llegar a ello requiere un proceso.
Este consiste en obtener energía de diversas fuentes primarias (ya que la energía se encuentra en la naturaleza), y a través de una turbina dicha energía primaria se convierte en una que podemos utilizar para otros fines, por ejemplo la energía eléctrica.
Durante muchos años, la energía eléctrica se basó en combustibles fósiles, es decir, las fuentes primarias de energía procedían de petróleo, carbón y gas natural. Estos son recursos no renovables que se formaron cuando las plantas y los animales prehistóricos murieron y fueron enterrados gradualmente por capas de roca.
Estas fuentes primarias para producir energía han sido ampliamente utilizadas desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. Incluso han existido conflictos en torno a asegurar los materiales para producirla, particularmente en el tema del petróleo.
La energía mencionada ha demostrado que contribuye al calentamiento global y por ende al cambio climático, por ello se ha pensado en otras fuentes para la producción de energía. Hablemos de qué es la energía verde.
¿Qué es la energía verde?
En una primera aproximación, se puede decir que la energía verde se genera a partir de recursos naturales renovables como la energía solar, eólica, geotérmica, biomasa y la hidroeléctrica.
Estas tecnologías funcionan de diferentes formas. Por ejemplo, al tomar la energía del sol con paneles solares, o usando turbinas eólicas o a través del flujo de agua para generar energía.
Sin embargo, en ocasiones es común confundir la energía renovable con la energía verde, ya que ambas parten de la naturaleza, pero claramente son diferentes en su nivel de contaminación al planeta. En términos simples se puede entender que:
- La energía verde proviene de fuentes naturales.
- La energía renovable de fuentes reciclables.
Es necesario aclarar que las características de la energía verde radica en que las fuentes primarias se reponen de manera natural y generalmente no son contaminantes (o en menor medida), es decir, no producen los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) que sí producen el combustible fósil.
La energía verde es la que produce nuestro planeta de forma natural: agua, sol, aire y generalmente no daña los ecosistemas. A continuación, te presentamos qué tipos de energía verde existen.
Tipos de energía verde
Solar
En el Sol se encuentra una fuente de energía verde que no solo proporciona calor al planeta, sino que se puede producir energía para desempeñar las actividades humanas. La forma en la que la energía solar se obtiene, es a través de celdas fotovoltaicas que captan la luz solar y la convierten en energía eléctrica. Dentro de sus principales usos se encuentra:
- Calentar edificios.
- Calentar agua.
- Iluminación.
- Energía eléctrica.
La energía solar si bien es utilizada en los hogares también es aprovechada por la industria.
Viento
La energía eólica es otro tipo de energía verde que aprovecha el flujo de aire natural en diferentes lugares del mundo, a través de turbinas para generar electricidad que será utilizada con diferentes fines. A diferencia del sol, el viento favorecerá más unas regiones que otras, pero incluso en altamar se puede encontrar este tipo de energía.
Agua
La energía que se gesta a partir del agua ha sido cuestionada por ser verdaderamente una energía verde o no. ¿Por qué? La respuesta se encuentra en la forma en la que se produce.
El agua, al ser una fuente natural, es consideraba como una energía verde ya que utilizará el flujo de ríos, arroyos o represas. Y justo las represas son cuestionadas por ser “realmente verdes”, ya que para construirlas en ocasiones se desplaza a ecosistemas enteros e incluso a grupos poblacionales humanos.
La energía hidroeléctrica será verde en tanto respete el ecosistema y solo aproveche los flujos naturales de energía en el agua.
La Tierra
La energía geotérmica también se considera energía verde porque proviene de una fuente natural, sin embargo, se suele cuestionar su compromiso ambiental porque para obtenerla es necesario perforar la tierra.
Proviene del calor generado durante la creación del planeta, y para tener alcance a ella, se perforan pozos de más de 1.5 kilómetros de profundidad para aprovechar los recursos geotérmicos. A partir de ello, se impulsan turbinas que generan electricidad. Este tipo de energía cuenta con ventajas y desventajas:
Ventajas:
- Solo produce una sexta parte del dióxido de carbono en comparación con una planta de energía limpia de gas natural.
- Es 80% más barata en comparación con los combustibles fósiles.
- Está disponible constantemente.
Desventajas:
- Su producción se reduce a áreas cercanas a los límites de placas tectónicas e incluso después de décadas de uso pueden enfriarse y perder su potencial energético.
- A pesar de ser más barata que los combustibles fósiles la construcción de la planta y exploración, son costosas debido al desgaste de los materiales.
- Las plantas geotérmicas pueden liberar sulfuro de hidrógeno y algunos componentes geotérmicos pueden tener bajos niveles de materiales tóxicos que deben eliminarse.
Si bien la energía geotérmica es considerada verde porque proviene de fuentes naturales, se tienen que prever sus condiciones de extracción para entender si también es no contaminante.
Biomasa
Otra fuente “controvertida” dentro de las energías verdes es la biomasa. Este recurso también debe gestionarse con cuidado para poder ser considerado verdaderamente como una fuente de energía verde.
La biomasa es la fracción biodegradable de los productos, residuos y desechos de origen biológico procedentes de actividades agrarias, incluidas las sustancias de origen vegetal y de origen animal, de la silvicultura y de las industrias conexas, incluidas la pesca y la acuicultura, así como la fracción biodegradable de los residuos, incluidos los residuos industriales y municipales de origen biológico.
Parlamento Europeo.
Las plantas de energía de biomasa en las que se quema este material para producir energía generan GEI, aunque son muy bajos, siguen produciendo esos contaminantes y hacen cuestionar a esta energía como no contaminante.
Biocombustibles
El transporte es crucial para la vida actual, ya sean automóviles, trenes, aviones, entre muchos otros. Así que en lugar de quemar la biomasa, estos materiales se transforman en combustibles: etanol y biodiesel.
De hecho, en 2010 los biocombustibles suministraron el 2,7% del combustible mundial para el transporte, y se espera que para 2050 provean más del 25% de la demanda mundial de este producto.
Hasta aquí se ha hecho énfasis en los diferentes tipos de energía verde que existen y si estos son más o menos contaminantes, pero es preciso remarcar la relevancia de las energías verdes para las condiciones actuales.
Ventajas de la energía verde
- Es a menudo renovable y limpia.
- Emite pocos o ningún gas de efecto invernadero y, a menudo, están fácilmente disponibles.
- Es bueno para el plantea y la salud de los animales y personas ya que mejora la calidad del aire o, al menos, no contribuye a su contaminación.
- Puede producir precios estables de energía.
- La infraestructura de energía verde es más flexible y menos dependiente de fuentes centralizadas.
- En 2018 creó 11 millones de puestos de trabajo en todo el mundo.
Además, la energía verde puede solucionar los problemas de necesidades energéticas en muchas partes del mundo, lo cual mejoraría la calidad de vida de las personas y ayudaría a mitigar el cambio climático.
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